The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has decided to keep the monetary policy rate unchanged at 22%, the central bank said in an official statement after the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) earlier today (Monday). 

At its meeting, the Committee noted that inflation, in line with earlier expectations, has begun to decline noticeably from H2-FY24. 

It, however, observed that despite the sharp deceleration in February, the level of inflation remains high and its outlook is susceptible to risks amidst elevated inflation expectations. 

“This warrants a cautious approach and requires continuity of the current monetary stance to bring inflation down to the target range of 5-7% by September 2025. The Committee reiterated that this assessment is also contingent upon continued targeted fiscal consolidation and timely realization of planned external inflows,” the SBP’s statement read.

The committee also discussed a few key developments since its last meeting, which have implications for the macroeconomic outlook.

First, the latest data continues to depict moderate pick-up in economic activity, led by rebound in agriculture output.

Second, the external current account balance is turning out better than anticipated and has helped maintain FX buffers despite weak financial inflows.

Third, while inflation expectations of businesses have shown a steady increase since December, those for consumers have also inched up in March.

Lastly, on the global front, while the broader trend in commodity prices remained benign, oil prices have increased; partly reflecting the continued tense situation in the Red Sea.

Moreover, amidst uncertainty regarding the inflation outlook, key central banks in both advanced and emerging economies have continued to maintain a cautious monetary policy stance in recent meetings.

Real sector

Incoming data supports the MPC’s earlier expectation of moderate recovery in economic activity in FY24 with real GDP growth to remain in the range of 2–3%.

The agriculture sector remains the key driver.

After a strong performance of Kharif crops (especially cotton and rice), prospects for wheat crop also look promising due to increase in area under cultivation, better input conditions, and higher output prices.

Denser vegetation of wheat crop, as captured by satellite images, also support this assessment. In the industrial sector, large-scale manufacturing, despite a slight decline of 0.5% during July-January is expected to recover in the coming months due to improved capacity utilisation and employment conditions and favorable base effect.

Furthermore, knock-on impact of commodity producing sectors and other leading indicators point towards gradual recovery in the services sector.

External sector

The current account recorded a deficit of $269 million in January 2024 which resulted in a cumulative deficit of $1.1 billion during July-January FY24, which is down by around 71% year-on-year.

The MPC noted that the improvement largely owes to narrowing of the trade deficit, driven by both an increase in exports and a decline in imports.

The exports have risen on the back of higher food exports, whereas import payments have remained subdued due to better domestic agriculture output, moderate domestic demand and supportive global commodity prices.

Moreover, workers’ remittances have been rising consistently on year-on-year basis since October 2023, supported by incentives and regulatory reforms to channelise inflows via formal channels.

Financial inflows showed a modest decline in January amidst continuing public debt repayments in the absence of significant official and private sector inflows.

The MPC assessed that the current account deficit is likely to remain closer to the lower bound of 0.5 to 1.5 per cent of GDP forecast range for FY24, which will support the FX reserves position.

“Moreover, amidst uncertainty regarding the inflation outlook, key central banks in both advanced and emerging economies have continued to maintain a cautious monetary policy stance in recent meetings.”

Fiscal sector

The latest data on fiscal accounts shows continuing fiscal consolidation. During H1-FY24, the primary surplus improved to 1.7% of GDP from 1.1% in the same period last year, while the overall fiscal deficit deteriorated to 2.3% of GDP from 2.0% in H1-FY23.

Improvement in the primary surplus to GDP ratio is mainly contributed by better revenue collection, primarily from non-tax sources, and relatively contained non-interest expenditures.

Sizeable increase in interest payments amidst high debt levels and increasing reliance on costly domestic financing led to an expansion in the overall deficit.

The MPC emphasised that the continuation of fiscal consolidation is essential for ensuring overall macroeconomic and price stability.

Money and credit

“Since the last MPC meeting, as expected, the broad money (M2) growth (y/y) has moderated to 16.1% in February 2024 from 17.8% in December. This moderation came from lower growth in net domestic assets of the banking system, owing mainly to a broad-based contraction in private sector credit and commodity financing operations,” the statement read.

The MPC also noted that the growth in reserve money continued to decelerate sharply to 8.2% in February.

Moreover, the currency to deposit ratio continued to decline due to the strong growth in bank deposits along with a declining trend in currency in circulation. The trends in monetary aggregates bode well for the inflation outlook.

Inflation outlook

The central bank’s committee noted that headline inflation registered a broad-based and considerable year-on-year decline from 28.3% in January to 23.1% in February.

While food inflation continued to trend down, core inflation, which had been sticky, also decelerated to 18.1% in February from 20.5% in January.

The improvement in inflation broadly reflects the combined impact of contractionary monetary policy, fiscal consolidation, better food supplies, moderating global commodity prices and favourable base effect.

The MPC noted that while energy inflation also decelerated on year-on-year basis in February, the adjustments in administered energy prices have continued to contribute to inflation directly and indirectly.

“This has implications for the needed sustained decline in inflation expectations of both consumers and businesses. Going forward, any further adjustments in administered prices or fiscal measures that may push prices up pose risk to the near- and medium-term inflation outlook.”

Cognisant of the risks, the committee assessed that it is prudent to continue with the current monetary policy stance at this stage.