Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: This form involves cancer cells originating in the ducts but eventually expanding beyond them and infiltrating other regions of the breast tissues. The invasive nature of these cancer cells can also result in their dissemination, or metastasis, to various parts of the body.

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): DCIS represents a breast condition that can potentially progress into invasive breast cancer. The cancerous cells are confined to the lining of the ducts and have not yet spread to neighbouring tissues within the breast.

Diagnosis & testing
Early detection plays a crucial role in successful breast cancer treatment. Therefore, men need to recognize these symptoms and promptly seek medical attention. The diagnosis of breast cancer in men involves a series of tests and examinations, including:

Physical examination
The first step in diagnosing male breast cancer is a thorough physical examination. A complete physical examination allows healthcare professionals to identify palpable lumps or other changes in the breast tissue.

Imaging Tests
Mammography, an X-ray of the breast, is commonly used to detect abnormalities, including tumours. However, mammograms may be less effective in men due to their smaller breast size and higher breast tissue density. Therefore, additional imaging tests like ultrasound and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) may be recommended.

Biopsy
If an abnormality is detected during the imaging tests, a biopsy is performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells. A small tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area and sent to a laboratory for examination.

Histopathology
After the biopsy, the tissue sample is sent to a pathologist, who examines it under a microscope to identify cancer cells and determine the tumour type and grade. This information helps oncologists understand the aggressiveness of the cancer and plan appropriate treatment.

Hormone receptor testing
Hormone receptor testing is crucial in determining if the cancer cells have receptors for estrogen and progesterone. Cancers that are hormone receptor-positive respond well to hormone therapy, making this testing vital in treatment decisions.